Components in R joined by means of conjunctions.
In some units the verb is both the grammar & the semantic center (not to know the ropes) phraseological repetitions (now or never, - can B built on antonyms (ups and downs, back and forth). In partly idiomatic units the 1st component is idiomatic (high road), in other cases the 2nd component is idiomatic (first night) verb-nominal (to read between the lines, - the grammar centre of such units is the verb, the semantic centre - the nominal component. TWO-TOP UNITS: attributive-nominal (a month of Sundays, grey matter noun equivalents & can B partly or perfectly idiomatic.
In these units the V is the grammar centre and the 2nd component is the semantic center) prepositional-nominal (equivalents of preps, conjs, advs, that is why they have no grammar centre, their semantic centre is the nominal part (on the doorstep (quite near), in the course of, in time).
WHAT 2 WORD PHRASES MEANS ESSENTIAL OR HIGHLY DESIRABLE FREE
ONE-TOP UNITS : verb + postposition type (to give up, to drop out) units of the type «to be tired» (they can remind the Pas Voice in their structure (but they have diff preps with them, while in the Pas Voice we can have only prepositions «by» or «with»), free word-groups of the type «to be young» (to be aware of, but the adj «young» can B used as an attribute & as a predicative in a sentence, while the nominal component in such units can act only as a predicative). w’s have only 1 root morpheme), & two-top units (compared with compound words ‘coz c. Points out one-top units (compared with derived words ‘cause d.
Classifications and their evaluation.ġ) the degree of motivation of their meaning (Vinogradov): fusions (very low, we can’t guess the meaning of the whole from the meanings of its components highly idiomatic & cannot B translated word 4 word: at sixes and sevens (in a mess) unities (the meaning of the whole can B guessed from the meanings of its components, but it is metaphorical or metonymical: old salt (experienced sailor) collocations (words R combined in their original meaning but their combinations R diff in diff Las: cash and carry (self-service shop).Ģ) Structural classification (Smirnitsky). Secondary ways - PU is formed on the basis of another phraseological unit: conversion (to vote with one’s feet was converted into vote with one’s feet) changing the grammar form (Make hay while the sun shines is transferred into a verbal phrase to make hay while the sun shines) analogy (Curiosity killed the cat was transferred into Care killed the cat) contrast (thin cat - «a poor person» was formed by contrasting it with «fat cat») shortening of proverbs or sayings (from the proverb «You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear» by means of clipping the middle of it the PU «to make a sow’s ear» was formed with the meaning «ошибаться») borrowing either as translation loans (living space (German), to take the bull by the horns ( Latin) or by means of phonetic borrowings (meche blanche (French), corpse d’elite (French).ģ6) Types of phraseological units. Activity of words and syntactic patterns.Īccording 2 the way PU R formed Koonin pointed out: primary ways (a unit is formed on the basis of a free word-group): by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups (in cosmic technique we can point out the following phrase to link up - cтыковаться, стыковать космические корабли in its transformed meaning it means – знакомиться) by transforming the meaning of free word groups (granny farm - пансионат для престарелых), alliteration (a sad sack - несчастный случай), by means of expressiveness, characteristic 4 forming interjections (My aunt!, Hear, hear !), by distorting a word group (odds and ends from odd ends), by using archaisms (in brown study means in gloomy meditation where both components preserve their archaic meanings), by using a sentence in a different sphere of life (that cock won’t fight can B used as a free word-group when it is used in sports (cock fighting), it becomes a PU when it is used in everyday life, ‘coz it is used metaphorically), when we use some unreal image (to have butterflies in the stomach - испытывать волнение), by using expressions of writers or politicians in everyday life (the winds of change (Mc Millan). 37) Linguistic laws of phraseological units’ formation.
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